JMU requires first-year students to live in its residence halls for both fall and spring of their first academic year. A first-year student entering in spring is required to live on campus for that spring only.
JMU may approve an exception for daily commuting from a parent or legal guardian's permanent home within 60 miles. Its listed additional exception categories are age 21 or older, prior active-duty service, marriage, or a dependent minor living with the student. An exception requires a student-initiated written request and may require documentation.
Published semester room rates are $3,428 for non-air-conditioned traditional rooms, $3,628 for non-air-conditioned suites, $3,828 for air-conditioned rooms in Category C, $4,028 for Category D buildings built or renovated since 2019, and $4,228 for apartment-style Category E. These are room charges, rather than a complete tuition, dining, and living budget.
For 2026–27, single occupancy adds $500 per semester to the applicable room category. Single rooms are limited; the first-year FAQ says most are available only through a housing accommodation.
No. Village halls other than Potomac, plus Eagle and Shorts, lack central air conditioning in bedrooms; their suite areas and TV lounges have air conditioning. Other listed halls have central air conditioning. A medical need is considered through the housing-accommodation process.
About 95% of first-year halls use community or suite bathrooms. A medically necessary housing adjustment requires accommodation review; a preference for a private bathroom does not establish an entitlement.
No. The FAQ identifies elevators in Alger, Harper Allen-Lee, Hoffman, Wayland, Eagle, Shorts, Chandler, Chesapeake, Paul Jennings, Shenandoah, and Potomac. Families should match the assigned hall to this list when planning access and moving.
No. Residence Life says on-campus housing is unavailable during Winter Break from December into January. Its 2026–27 schedule closes halls at 10 a.m. on December 19, 2026 and reopens at 10 a.m. on January 17, 2027, with residents expected to leave within 24 hours after their last final exam. Families need another accommodation or travel plan for that interval.
JMU regularly cleans common areas and community bathrooms. University staff do not clean bedrooms, Village suite common rooms, or private suite bathrooms; families should budget supplies and roommate responsibilities accordingly.
No. Students may choose a roommate, but Residence Life can assign students without one using the housing questionnaire and ranked living preferences. The published 2026 roommate deadline was July 1; it is not a future deadline.
First-year students can select roommates but cannot choose suitemates. JMU also says suitemate identities are not released before move-in, so a family should not commit to a suite-wide friend group on that assumption.
No. Most rooms are doubles, but some rooms are triples and a small number are singles. Most singles are available only with an approved housing accommodation.
A switch is subject to space and Housing approval. The policy generally pauses changes during approximately the first and last three weeks of a semester, with exceptions for special cases and emergencies. Staff mediation is an available first step.
Returning students generally are not guaranteed a space; JMU says it houses approximately 35% of the sophomore class. A separately signed Live On Again contract can guarantee a second-year space under the relevant contract, so families should distinguish general availability from a specific signed commitment.
The published residence-life policy describes the housing contract as binding for fall and spring and says releases are rare. Termination consideration is limited to exceptional, unforeseeable circumstances, with the student's actual contract terms controlling.
Ordinary pets are prohibited except fish. Service animals are allowed; assistance animals require Office of Disability Services approval and a completed Residence Life assistance-animal agreement before arrival.
Residence Life says appliances should be covered by the household's homeowners or renters insurance, and JMU does not accept responsibility for damage to students' personal property. Families should check their actual policy's coverage rather than assume university reimbursement.
Students and their guests are responsible for theft, vandalism, and damage; repair bills go to the responsible individuals. Extra cleaning after bodily fluids or vandalism can also be billed.
A student in a single or double may bring one refrigerator up to 5 cubic feet; Village suites may also have one in their common area. Standalone bedroom microwaves are prohibited. The approved MicroFridge partnership is the only allowed refrigerator/microwave combination; families cannot substitute their own combo unit.
The published FAQ says wired bedroom service and residence-hall MyResNet Wi-Fi are included in student fees. Personal wireless routers are prohibited. No additional internet price or guaranteed performance is stated.
Yes. The FAQ describes paid washers and dryers using Flex or quarters, with specified halls using the Speed Queen app or quarters. Dining Dollars are not the stated laundry payment source. The page supplies no per-load price.
An overnight guest must be at least 16, the roommate must agree, and no more than one guest per resident per night is allowed. Stays beyond two consecutive nights need special permission; overnight guests are prohibited during final-exam weeks.
University furniture cannot be moved to hall storage or reassigned elsewhere in a hall. The policy permits bedroom furniture to be taken home temporarily if returned by the academic year's end; missing or damaged furniture can be billed.
Yes. Housing identifies students taking fewer than 12 credits and encourages students anticipating a change to request an exception to the full-time requirement. Dropping credits does not itself establish permission to remain in the residence hall.
The FAQ lists a $20 fee for changes during approved windows but exempts first-year students and resident advisers. The exemption does not mean changes may be made outside the permitted windows.
No. The City's published comparison requires both a by-right homestay and an STR by special-use permit to be the operator's primary residence. If the operator is not the owner, the operator must be present during lodging. These conditions are a material limit on an absentee investment strategy.
A homestay is limited to lodging periods under 30 consecutive nights, no more than 90 operating nights per calendar year, and a maximum of four guests. An STR with a special-use permit has a different annual-night and guest framework, subject to its permit conditions.
No. By-right homestays are limited to single-family detached, duplex, and townhouse dwellings in principal buildings. Apartment STR use requires an approved special-use permit and may require physical renovations, building or trade permits, and inspections.
The City's published fee is $425 plus $30 for each acre, with acreage rounded up to the next whole acre. The one-time application goes through Planning Commission review and City Council approval; paying the fee does not establish permission to operate.
Unless a state-law exemption applies, operators register annually at $25 per year. Registration runs through December 31 and is renewed between January 1 and March 1. An annual-registration exemption does not remove zoning requirements or a required STR special-use permit.
No. The City also requires a business license and registration for transient-occupancy and state sales taxes. An STR business license follows City Council's SUP approval, and business licenses renew by March 1 annually. A platform's state-tax collection should not be assumed to discharge every operator obligation.
The published minimum is one identified off-street space per bedroom or accommodation space, unless the SUP provides otherwise. City Council can require more spaces or consider a request for fewer. Homestays have no off-street-space requirement under this rule.
Only if it meets current building-code requirements for sleeping rooms, potentially including a second means of egress such as an emergency-egress window. The presence of a bed or finished basement alone does not establish lawful sleeping capacity.
Homestays cannot be marketed or used for events. An STR operator wishing to host events must include those plans in the SUP application; building-code changes or other property improvements may be required.
No. The City cannot require HOA or COA consent before issuing its permit, certificate, or license, but the operator remains responsible for complying with restrictive covenants and association rules.
The City's FAQ says advertising or taking STR reservations without an approved SUP violates the zoning ordinance. Its listed civil penalties are $100 for a first offense, $200 for a second, and $500 for each subsequent offense arising from the same operative facts; aggregate $5,000 can lead to criminal-misdemeanor prosecution.
Normally the authorized use must be established within 12 months of approval unless the SUP sets another period. The City describes evidence such as a business license, listing, reservation, or voluntary registration; operators approved before September 8, 2020 have different establishment guidance.
A nonresident individual or group owning and leasing residential real estate must continuously maintain an agent with a Virginia business office who meets the statute's residency or authorization requirement. The lease must identify the agent and office for service; the appointment filing carries a stated $10 fee.
Agreed prepaid rent must be placed in a federally insured Virginia-authorized depository escrow by the fifth business day after receipt and remain there until due. It cannot be withdrawn earlier without the tenant's written consent unless the landlord is otherwise entitled to it.
Beginning on the first page, it must itemize the security deposit, rent per payment period, and additional one-time charges due before commencement or with the first payment. The statute also requires its specified statement restricting additional deposits or rent unless listed or added by a later addendum.
Ordinarily the landlord supplies an existing-damage report within five days after occupancy, and the tenant has five days after receipt to object in writing. A written policy can instead provide for a tenant-prepared or joint signed report. Recording a defect does not remove separate repair obligations.
The move-in report must disclose visible mold in readily accessible interior areas. If present, the tenant may decline possession and terminate, or choose to stay. If the tenant stays or takes possession, remediation and reinspection are due promptly and no later than five business days after that choice, followed by a new report.
No. The statute requires habitable premises, health-and-safety code compliance, safe supplied systems and appliances, and specified common-area, moisture, waste, water and seasonal-heat duties. Only the identified duties and specified work may be allocated by a good-faith written agreement that does not evade landlord obligations or affect other tenants.
The landlord must provide a certificate stating that all smoke alarms are present, inspected, and in good working order, no more than once every 12 months. Inspection may be performed by the landlord, an employee, or an independent contractor.
For treatment inside a unit, written notice is generally at least 48 hours; a tenant may agree to shorter notice, and requested treatment does not require that 48-hour notice. Applications elsewhere on the premises require conspicuous posted signs at least 48 hours beforehand.
No. Entry must respect reasonable times and cannot be abused to harass. Unrequested routine maintenance generally requires at least 72 hours' notice unless impractical; the work must occur within 14 days and the notice state the last possible date. Emergency entry and tenant-requested maintenance have different notice rules.
At or before tenancy starts, tenants receive written names and addresses of the manager and an owner or authorized owner representative. On sale, the landlord discloses the purchaser's name, address, and telephone number; required information must remain current and binds successor owners.
The statute requires records itemizing each tenant's deductions during the preceding two years and allows the tenant or authorized agent or attorney to inspect those records during normal business hours.
The usual itemized disposition and amount due to the tenant are required within 45 days after the later of tenancy termination or vacancy. Permitted deductions exclude reasonable wear and tear. Where damage exceeds the deposit and needs a third-party contractor, timely notice within 45 days permits an additional 15 days for damage and cost itemization; early termination and utility balances have separate conditions.
The statute prohibits taking possession by willfully reducing required essential services or refusing the tenant access without a court possession order. Operating plans must use the lawful possession process rather than a self-help lockout.
CFPB recommends requesting multiple Loan Estimates to compare mortgage offers and reviewing each estimate against what was discussed with the lender. Ask why if an item differs from expectations.
CFPB says that, when purchasing a home, the loan amount plus down payment should equal the home’s sale price; ask the lender to explain any difference.
CFPB explains that the principal-and-interest amount usually is less than the total monthly payment because taxes and insurance may also be due. Review Estimated Total Monthly Payment, including mortgage insurance and escrow when applicable.
CFPB describes this as the amount due at closing in addition to money already paid. The lender needs proof of the source of these funds; payment is usually by cashier’s check or wire transfer.
CFPB says some lenders lock the rate when issuing a Loan Estimate and some do not. Confirm the lock status with the lender rather than assuming the quoted rate is protected.
CFPB says a YES in the right-hand column indicates that the interest rate is adjustable and may change after closing. Adjustable-rate estimates include additional projected-payment information on page one and additional tables on page two.
CFPB explains that this feature can let the lender charge a fee if the mortgage is paid off early. Ask about alternatives and how the penalty works before selecting such an offer.
CFPB describes a balloon payment as a final lump sum much larger than regular monthly payments, potentially tens of thousands of dollars. Ask the lender about alternatives if this appears in an offer.
The explainer says mortgage insurance is typically required when the down payment is less than 20 percent of the home price and advises asking the loan officer about options and timeframes. This is general guidance, not a determination that a particular borrower or investment product qualifies.
CFPB advises comparing total origination charges, because lenders may itemize them differently. Common components include application, underwriting, processing, verification and rate-lock fees.
CFPB says these providers are chosen by the lender, so compare the overall cost of the Services You Cannot Shop For section across Loan Estimates instead of assuming the individual provider can be replaced.
CFPB says the lender should provide an approved-provider list for these services. The buyer can choose a listed provider or look for another, but should check with the lender about a provider not on the list. Shopping for these services can save money.
CFPB says the insurer sets the premium, not the lender, and the borrower can choose the insurer. Comparison shopping helps check whether the lender’s estimate fits the actual situation; the first six to twelve months of premiums are usually paid at or before closing.
CFPB says property taxes are set by local or state government, not the lender, and recommends checking the estimate with the local tax authority or real-estate agent. A Loan Estimate is not a parcel-specific tax verification.
CFPB explains that a lender credit offsets closing costs but may be exchanged for a higher interest rate. Ask about a similar loan without the credit and compare both the interest rate and total loan cost.
CFPB describes points as an upfront lender fee in exchange for a lower interest rate. Ask about a comparable loan without points and how each choice affects the rate and total loan cost.
CFPB points to the Loan Estimate’s Comparisons section, describes APR as one measure of loan cost, and describes Total Interest Percentage as a way to understand interest over the life of the loan. It recommends comparing the same kind of loan across lenders.
CFPB says the lender uses an independent professional appraisal to decide the home’s value and that the borrower has a right to a copy. This does not establish a property’s actual appraised value or condition.
CFPB explains that assumption is possible only if the loan permits it; if assumptions are not allowed, the buyer cannot take over that loan. The explainer says most loans do not allow assumptions.
CFPB describes servicing as day-to-day loan handling, including accepting payments and answering questions. The lender may service the loan itself or transfer that responsibility to another company.
CFPB recommends knowing the fee for a late payment in advance and making mortgage payments on time and in full each month to avoid fees and support the credit record. No specific late fee is established without the actual loan terms.
The FAQ lists six items: name, income, Social Security number, property address, estimated property value and desired loan amount. It says a lender or broker cannot require documents as a condition of providing the Loan Estimate for the covered products.
The FAQ says that after the borrower receives the Loan Estimate and expresses intent to proceed, the lender may require additional information and verification documents. Its exclusions include reverse mortgages, HELOCs, certain assistance loans and manufactured-housing loans not secured by real estate; this is not a universal rule for every product.
The retained Fannie Mae section states that legally present permanent and nonpermanent resident non-U.S.-citizen borrowers may be eligible on the same terms as U.S. citizens, with lenders determining legal presence and applicable documentation. This establishes neither an individual’s status nor approval for any loan or campus program.
No. JMU says students in Virginia for educational reasons are typically not bona fide Virginia domiciliaries for tuition. A lease can document physical residence but does not by itself overcome that presumption or establish an approved tuition classification.
JMU says dependent students may qualify if their parents move to Virginia and establish domicile for one full year. This is conditional, not an automatic tuition change on the family's purchase or lease date.
Not under the published undergraduate FAQ: JMU says it looks at parent or guardian residency until age 24. A student should not assume legal adulthood alone produces independent tuition-residency treatment.
JMU says it is not an Academic Common Market member and has no reciprocal agreements. A housing and tuition budget should therefore not assume that kind of reduced tuition for a major unavailable at home.
No. JMU says another institution's earlier domicile determination is not conclusive or binding on its own review. A transfer student's prior tuition bill is not a guarantee of JMU's rate.
No. JMU says in-state eligibility is determined by Virginia law and is not discretionary or based on financial need. Need-based assistance is a separate financial-aid question rather than a residency exception created by a housing budget shortfall.
The University Business Office must receive the application and supporting documents before the first day of classes for the semester claimed; a late application is invalid for that semester. A denied reclassification may be appealed, with each appeal due within 30 days of its denial notice.
JMU says the one-year requirement may be waived under Virginia law for certain active-duty military members or veterans, surviving spouses, or dependents. Military status therefore merits a specific eligibility review, but the captured overview does not establish that every military family qualifies.
JMU identifies a separate high-school-completer exception for certain students and an alternative application with documentation. It is not an automatic benefit for every Virginia graduate; the captured FAQ directs applicants to the actual statutory and tuition-equity criteria.
Ordinary halls close for these breaks. Students needing to remain must request break housing by the published deadline and receive approval. The 2026–27 schedule closes for Thanksgiving at 10 a.m. November 21, with a special reopening at 10 a.m. November 28; Spring Break runs from the 10 a.m. March 13 closure to 10 a.m. March 21 reopening in 2027.
Yes. Residence Life says dining options are significantly limited during breaks and meal plans generally cannot be used. Approved break housing also excludes guests; unauthorized early arrival or late departure can trigger a daily fee whose amount is not stated on this page.
The captured page describes Summer 2026 only: housing was availability-based for students taking JMU summer classes, May 24–July 31, with no guarantee for every session. Published charges were $122 weekly room rent, $152 weekly dining, and a $40 nonrefundable contract fee; a meal plan and expected roommate applied. These past rates and dates do not establish Summer 2027 availability or prices.
Residence Life says it cannot store students' items over the summer. An away-from-home student needs a separate moving or storage arrangement rather than treating the academic-year room as year-round storage; the page gives no private-storage price.
For 2026–27, JMU lists full-time annual parking at $300, full-time semester at $160, part-time semester at $80, evening or remote semester at $50, and daily at $5. The price list does not itself establish first-year eligibility, a reserved space, or where every permit is valid.
JMU's current parking page lists the local bus alternative as fare-free. That removes a fare assumption for that published option, but does not establish a stop at any particular apartment, service hours, or a door-to-door commute time.
For a covered private rental, the application fee is capped at $50 apart from actual third-party background, credit, or other pre-occupancy check costs. Public or other HUD-regulated housing has a $32 base cap with the same third-party-cost qualification. These ceilings are not advertised prices for a specific property.
The landlord generally must return the balance above actual expenses and damages with an itemized list within 20 days after failure to rent or rejection. If the landlord rejects an application whose deposit was paid by cash, certified check, cashier's check, or postal money order, the stated refund period is 10 days.
For a tenancy covered by the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, the security deposit cannot exceed two months of periodic rent, however it is labeled. This is a legal ceiling rather than a requirement that every owner charge two months.
A late charge must appear in the written lease and cannot exceed the lesser of 10% of periodic rent or 10% of the unpaid balance. A partial payment therefore matters to the ceiling; the maximum is not automatically 10% of full monthly rent.
For covered Virginia rentals, landlords must accept check and money order and must offer an alternative without added processing fees if charging a payment-processing fee. Electronic-payment processing charges also cannot exceed actual third-party out-of-pocket expense; the statute separately addresses small-landlord card acceptance.
Not necessarily. If the landlord fails to offer a written agreement, the statute supplies a 12-month tenancy with specified terms and no automatic renewal, subject to the stated statutory exception. A student should not infer month-to-month flexibility merely from the absence of paperwork.
A tenant may request a written statement showing debits and credits over the tenancy or the past 12 months, whichever is shorter. The landlord must supply it within 10 business days of the written request, allowing the renter to compare claimed charges against payments.
Yes. A lease may require renters insurance, but the landlord must disclose the right to obtain a separate policy and accept written proof of maintained coverage. If the required separate policy lapses, the landlord can provide coverage and charge its premium until proof of reinstatement. No premium or personal-property coverage limit is supplied here.
Virginia provides a termination path for a serious initial life, health, safety, or fire hazard, including the listed essential-service and rodent conditions. The tenant must give written termination notice within seven days of the scheduled possession date. The statute provides deposit-and-rent refund timing and a process if the landlord contests whether termination is justified.
A unilateral change is not valid unless notice complies with the lease or law and both parties consent in writing. A proposed change should therefore be distinguished from a mutually executed amendment; other statutory and renewal rules still apply.
No. JMU's current stipend policy limits eligibility to full-time salaried employees and leaves awards to university discretion. The department determines the proposed amount from available funding, with required institutional approvals. An offer should establish the actual amount before a household treats it as moving cash.
No. The current policy treats the stipend as taxable W-2 income and withholds applicable taxes. The negotiated gross award therefore is not the household's net spendable amount; no individualized tax calculation is supplied.
JMU says Payroll processes the stipend within 30 days after the employment start date. A household needing a rental deposit, movers, or temporary lodging before then should plan for the timing gap rather than assume pre-employment payment.
The new workplace must be at least 50 miles farther from the former residence than the old workplace was. This is an increase in one-way commuting distance, not simply a new home located 50 miles from JMU. The move must also be requested by JMU for the Commonwealth's benefit.
The stipend agreement says JMU provides a stipend to only one employee if the spouse is a state employee and otherwise eligible. Two eligible state jobs therefore should not be budgeted as two JMU household moving awards.
Departure before 12 months requires full repayment. Departure after 12 months but before 24 complete months triggers prorated repayment, reduced by one-twelfth of the total stipend for each full month served after the first 12. JMU may waive repayment for separation beyond the employee's control; termination for cause is excluded from that description.
The employee must sign the moving-and-relocation stipend agreement before beginning JMU employment. It requires at least 24 months of full-time JMU service and is separate from the employment contract. This obligation matters when deciding how much moving expense to incur against the award.
Under the version effective until January 1, 2027, serious fire or casualty damage that substantially impairs use, or requires vacancy for repair, permits termination. A tenant terminates by vacating and giving written notice within 14 days afterward; termination dates to vacancy. The landlord has a separate 14-day notice route. Deposit and prepaid-rent disposition, casualty-date proration, and damage-caused-by-tenant exceptions apply. This is not a general right to free temporary lodging.
No. JMU describes Kaiser Permanente's service area as Northern Virginia, Washington, D.C., and parts of Maryland, and Sentara's as Hampton Roads. A Harrisonburg household should check service-area and provider eligibility before selecting a regional HMO.
Initial elections generally take effect on the first of the month after eligibility begins; if eligibility starts on the first day of a month, coverage can begin that day. Initial enrollment requests must be made within 30 days. The actual eligibility date matters when budgeting interim coverage.
Not automatically. When a foreclosure purchaser intends to occupy the unit as a primary residence, the statute requires at least 90 days’ written notice before vacancy. A purchaser acquiring it for another purpose takes subject to the lease for its remaining term, while retaining lawful termination rights. The provision also requires specified single-family landlord notices of mortgage default, acceleration, or foreclosure and preserves rent-payment obligations under the stated successor-owner notice rules.
The statutory repair remedy is conditional. For a qualifying material or serious health-and-safety condition, written notice comes first; if the landlord takes no reasonable repair steps within 14 days, the tenant may use the specified licensed contractor or qualified pesticide business. Recoverable actual cost is capped at the greater of one month’s rent or $1,500. Deduction requires an itemized statement and receipts if the landlord has not reimbursed it. The remedy excludes tenant-caused conditions, denied access, and conditions already repaired before contracting.
The published tuition-waiver benefit allows two courses and one lab per semester for a full-time benefited employee. Holding multiple jobs does not multiply the maximum benefit available under the employee's classification.
No. It covers tuition only, leaving course fees and application fees to the employee. Noncredit courses and private vocal or instrumental instruction are excluded, unless the private instruction is required by the degree program.
JMU's current page says employee graduate-course assistance is tax-free up to $5,250 per calendar year and that excess tuition value is taxed through payroll. A household should allow for the resulting withholding rather than treat an unlimited graduate waiver as cash-equivalent savings.
The waiver described here is for JMU coursework. A separate program may authorize reimbursement for work-related education or training at another institution for nonstudent full-time, part-time, or wage employees. It is conditional rather than an automatic portable tuition allowance.
The April 30, 2026 schedule lists annual permit fees of $56.64 for part-time/wage employees; $210 for salaries $21,000–$41,999; $304.32 for $42,000–$62,999; $401.28 for $63,000–$83,999; $491.52 for $84,000–$104,999; and $592.32 for $105,000 and above.
The schedule prices an employee remote permit at one-third of the applicable annual fee and payroll deduction. It is valid only in lot R10, so the savings must be weighed against that parking location rather than treated as unrestricted campus parking.
JMU publishes a separate affiliate schedule: full-time $304 per year and part-time $57 per year; remote affiliate permits are $51 or $10 per semester respectively. The page says affiliate fees are prorated by purchase month, and remote permits are R10-only.
A landlord and tenant can agree in writing to early termination. Without that agreement or another applicable legal ground, Virginia's statute allows claims for actual breach damages, including rent until the original term ends or a new tenancy starts, whichever occurs first, subject to the landlord's duty to mitigate. A job change alone is not the release described by this provision.
Ordinarily either party gives written notice at least 30 days before the next rent due date to terminate a month-to-month tenancy, unless the agreement provides a different notice period. A monthly payment schedule on a fixed-term lease is not itself proof of a month-to-month tenancy.
If the lease lets the landlord approve a sublessee or assignee, the landlord must approve or reject a written application on its provided form within 10 business days; inaction is evidence of approval. This does not establish a universal right to sublet where the lease does not permit it.
No. The statute excludes occupancy by a landlord's employee in a multifamily unit when occupancy is conditioned on employment in and about the premises, as well as a former such employee staying fewer than 60 days. That narrow exception does not mean an ordinary private apartment rented by any JMU employee is excluded.
For a mold condition materially affecting health or safety, the landlord may require relocation for up to 30 days and must provide a selected comparable dwelling or hotel without housing cost to the tenant. Rent under the original lease continues. The landlord pays relocation and remediation unless the mold resulted from the tenant's statutory noncompliance; other post-relocation expenses are not automatically covered.
Virginia's statute requires a landlord to install a carbon-monoxide alarm within 90 days of a tenant's written request and allows a reasonable charge for equipment and labor. This is distinct from assuming every requested alarm is free or already present.